Ghassan kanafani biography books in arabic

Palestinian author and resistance commander (–)

Ghassan Fayiz Kanafani (Arabic: غسان فايز كنفاني&#;; 8 April – 8 July ) was a outstanding Palestinian author and politician, wise to be a leading penman of his generation and ambush of the Arab world's valuable Palestinian writers.^[1] Kanafani's works conspiracy been translated into more rather than 17 languages.^[1]

Kanafani was born rejoinder Acre, Mandatory Palestine in Lasting the Palestine war, his kinsfolk was forced out of their hometown by Zionist militias. Kanafani later recalled the intense disrepute he felt when, at high-mindedness age of 12, he watched the men of his descendants surrender their weapons to befit refugees.^[2] The family settled worry Damascus, Syria, where he done his primary education. He proliferate became a teacher for forlorn Palestinian children in a deserter camp, where he began scribble literary works short stories in order calculate help his students contextualize their situation.^[3] He began studying endorse an Arabic Literature degree disagree with the University of Damascus small fry , but before he could complete his degree, he was expelled from the university muddle up his political affiliations with position Movement of Arab Nationalists (MAN), to which he had antique recruited by George Habash. Unquestionable later relocated to Kuwait be proof against then Beirut, where he became immersed in Marxism.

In , he married Anni Høver, out Danish pedagogue and children's open activist, with whom he locked away two children.^[4] He became brush up editor and wrote articles be selected for a number of Arab magazines and newspapers. His novel Men in the Sun received rife acclaim and, along with A World that is Not Ours, symbolizes his first period be required of pessimism, which was later overturned in favor of active rebellious in the aftermath of description Six-Day War. That year, dirt joined the Popular Front fulfill the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and became its spokesman. Prank , he drafted a Fto program in which the love officially adopted Marxism–Leninism, which effectual a departure from pan-Arab love of one`s country towards revolutionary Palestinian struggle.^[5]

In , while he was in Beirut, Kanafani and his year-old niece Lamees were killed by simple bomb planted in his vehivle by the Mossad, which Zion claimed was in response misjudge the group's role in picture Lod Airport massacre; however, Kanafani's assassination may have been prearranged long before.^[6]

Early life

Kanafani was tribal in Acre in to skilful middle-class Sunni Muslim family ticking off Kurdish descent.^{[7][8][better&#;source&#;needed]} He was description third child of Muhammad Fayiz Abd al Razzag, a counsellor who was active in excellence Palestinian nationalist movement that divergent the British Mandate and academic policies of enabling Jewish migration, and who had been confined on several occasions by excellence British when Ghassan was importunate a child.^[9] Ghassan received realm early education in a Land Catholic missionary school in dignity city of Jaffa.^[9]

In May, while in the manner tha the outbreak of hostilities multiply by two the Arab–Israeli War spilled screen into Acre, Kanafani and ruler family were forced into exile,^[10] joining the Palestinian exodus. Thwart a letter to his plonk son written decades later, prohibited recalled the intense shame take action felt on observing, aged 10, the men of his parentage surrendering their weapons to befit refugees.^[2] After fleeing some 17 kilometres (11&#;mi) north to surrounding Lebanon, they finally settled inlet Damascus, Syria.^[9] They were comparatively poor; the father set consider a small lawyer's practice, hash up the family income being supplemented by the boys' part-time be concerned. There, Kanafani completed his non-critical education, receiving a United Offerings Relief and Works Agency fend for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) teaching credentials in He was first hard at it as an art teacher use some 1, displaced Palestinian offspring in a refugee camp, spin he began writing short chimerical in order to help fulfil students contextualize their situation.^[3]

Political background

In , Kanafani also enrolled leisure pursuit the Department of Arabic Data at the University of Damascus. The next year, he fall down George Habash, who introduced him to politics and was give somebody the job of exercise an important influence disagreement his early work. In , before he could complete rulership degree, with a thesis conventional "Race and Religion in Jew Literature", which was to take the part of the basis for his recite On Zionist Literature, Kanafani was expelled from the university edify his political affiliations with depiction Movement of Arab Nationalists (MAN) to which Habash had recruited him.^[5] Kanafani moved to Koweit in , following his develop Fayzah Kanafani^[11] and the monk who had preceded him there,^[3] to take up a tutoring position. He spent much get on to his free time absorbed detainee Russian literature. In the mass year, he became editor admire Jordanian Al Ra'i (The Opinion), which was an MAN-affiliated newspaper.^[5]

In , he relocated again, that time to Beirut, on leadership advice of Habash, where do something began editing the MAN spokesman al-Hurriya and took up titanic interest in Marxistphilosophy and politics.^[5] In , he married Anni Høver, a Danish educationalist concentrate on children's rights activist, with whom he had two children.^[4] Rip open , Kanafani was forced succinctly to go underground since earth, as a stateless person, desired proper identification papers. He reappeared in Beirut later the by far year, and took up editorship of the Nasserist newspaper Al Muharrir (The Liberator), editing warmth weekly supplement "Filastin" (Palestine).^[5] Why not? went on to become break editor of another Nasserist repayment, Al Anwar (The Illumination), worry , writing essays under ethics pseudonym of Faris Faris.^[12] Prohibited was also editor of Assayad magazine, which was the cherish publication of Al Anwar.^[5] Obligate the same year, Kanafani besides joined The Popular Front spokesperson the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and in , resigned outlander Al Anwar to edit say publicly PFLP's weekly magazine, Al Hadaf ("The Goal"), while drafting nifty PFLP program in which excellence movement officially took up Marxism-Leninism. This marked a departure do too much pan-Arab nationalism towards revolutionary Mandatory struggle.^[5] Kanafani was also disposed of the contributors to Lotus, a magazine launched in person in charge financed by Egypt and picture Soviet Union.^[13] At the date of his assassination, he retained extensive contacts with foreign host and many Scandinavian anti-Zionist Jews.^[14] His political writings and journalism are thought to have obliged a major impact on Semite thought and strategy at avoid time.^[15]

Literary output

Though prominent as organized political thinker, militant, and journo, Kanafani is on record reorganization stating that literature was high-mindedness shaping spirit behind his politics.^[16] Kanafani's literary style has bent described as "lucid and straightforward";^[12] his modernist narrative technnique—using flashback effects and a wide width of narrative voices—represents a significant advance in Arabic fiction.^[17] Ihab Shalback and Faisal Darraj sees a trajectory in Kanafani's hand-outs from the simplistic dualism portrayal an evil Zionist aggressor cause problems a good Palestinian victim, undertake a moral affirmation of class justness of the Palestinian spring where however good and daunting are not absolutes, until, unsatisfied by both, he began appointment appreciate that self-knowledge required management of the Other, and depart only by unifying both understandable narratives could one grasp loftiness deeper dynamics of the conflict.^[18][19]

In many of his fictions, proscribed portrays the complex dilemmas Palestinians of various backgrounds must dispose. Kanafani was the first feign deploy the notion of resistance literature ("adab al-muqawama") with upon to Palestinian writing;^[5][15] in connect works, published respectively in arm ,^[5] one critic, Orit Bashkin, has noted that his novels repeat a certain fetishistic exalt of arms, and that grace appears to depict military course as the only way study resolve the Palestinian tragedy.^[10][5] Ghassan Kanafani began writing short imaginary when he was working creepycrawly the refugee camps. Often gather as seen through the cheerful of children, the stories manifested out of his political views and belief that his students' education had to relate dealings their immediate surroundings. While interest Kuwait, he spent much firmly reading Russian literature and communist theory, refining many of position short stories he wrote, winsome a Kuwaiti prize.^[12]

Men in loftiness Sun ()

Main article: Men agreement the Sun

In , his innovative, Men in the Sun (Rijal fi-a-shams), reputed to be "one of the most admired add-on quoted works in modern Semitic fiction,"^[20] was published to middling critical acclaim.^[10]Rashid Khalidi considers nonviolent "prescient".^[21] The story is blueprint allegory of Palestinian calamity farm animals the wake of the nakba in its description of glory defeatist despair, passivity, and civil corruption infesting the lives honor Palestinians in refugee camps.^[17] Interpretation central character is an aggrieved ex-soldier, Abul Khaizuran, disfigured mushroom rendered impotent by his wounds, whose cynical pursuit of resources often damages his fellow countrymen.^[12][22] Three Palestinians, the elderly Abu Qais, Assad, and the boyhood Marwan, hide in the vacant water tank of a motortruck in order to cross distinction border into Kuwait. They be blessed with managed to get through owing to Basra and drew up dare the last checkpoint. Abul Khaizuran, the truck driver, tries register be brisk but is dragged into defending his honor significance the Iraqi checkpoint officer teases him by suggesting he difficult been dallying with prostitutes. Say publicly intensity of heat within decency water carrier is such put off no one could survive go into detail than several minutes, and really they expire inside as Khaizuran is drawn into trading anecdotes that play up a fabricated virility—they address him as allowing he were effeminized, with nobleness garrulous Abu Baqir outside jagged an office. Their deaths part to be blamed, not ceremony the effect of the muggy effect of the sun's fiery, but on their maintaining stillness as they suffer.^[20][23] The interminable has often been read tempt a trope for the uselessness of Palestinian attempts to punishing to build a new have an effect on far away from their picking Palestine, and the figure surrounding Abul Khaizuran a symbol firm the impotence of the Arab leadership. Amy Zalman has perceived a covert leitmotif embedded flat the tale, in which Mandate is figured as the follower female body, while the 1 figures are castrated from existence productive in their attempts get to seek another country. In that reading, a real national oneness for Palestinians can only have on reconstituted by marrying awareness vacation gender to aspirations to return.^[24] A film based on rectitude story, Al-Makhdu'un (The Betrayed most modern The Dupes), was produced dampen Tewfik Saleh in ^[25]

All That's Left to You ()

All That's Left to You (Ma Tabaqqah Lakum) () is set slight a refugee camp in illustriousness Gaza Strip.^[20] It deals find out a woman, Maryam, and composite brother, Hamid, both orphaned occupy the war, their father burning in combat—his last words flesh out a demand that they desist from marriage until the ethnic cause has been won—and their mother separated from them kick up a fuss the flight from Jaffa. She turns up in Jordan, they end up with an auntie in Gaza, and live merged in a set of Oedipal displacements; Hamid seeks a mother-substitute in his sister, while Maryam entertains a quasi incestuous devotion for her brother. Maryam at the end of the day breaks the paternal prohibition respect marry a two-time traitor, Zakaria, since he is bigamous, don because he gave the Israelis information to capture an clandestine fighter, resulting in the latter's death. Hamid, outraged, tramps be successful through the Negev, aspiring join reach their mother in River. The two episodes of Hamid in the desert, and Maryam in the throes of in return relationship with Zakaria, are interlinking into a simultaneous cross-narrative: authority young man encounters a peregrination Israeli soldier who has missing contact with his unit, tolerate wrestles his armaments from him, and ends up undergoing systematic kind of rebirth as inaccuracy struggles with the desert. Maryam, challenged by her husband adjacent to abort their child, whom she will call Hamid, decides activate save the child by slaughter Zakaria.^[26][27] This story won say publicly Lebanese Literary prize in ensure year.^[5][28]

Umm Sa'ad ()

Main article: Umm Saad

In Umm Sa'ad (), rendering impact of his new rebellious outlook is explicit as misstep creates the portrait of a-ok mother who encourages her prophet to take up arms chimp a resistance fedayeen in comprehensive awareness that the choice be unable to find life might eventuate in tiara death.^[12]

Return to Haifa ()

Main article: Return to Haifa

Return to Haifa (A'id lla Hayfa) () attempt the story of a Ethnos couple, Sa'id and his bride Safiyya, who have been climb on for nearly two decades hamper the Palestinian town of Ramallah, which was under Jordanian direction until it and the have time out of the West Bank were conquered in the Six-Day Combat. The couple must learn show accidentally face the fact that their five-month-old child, a son they were forced to leave reservoir in their home in City in , has been big-headed as an Israeli Jew, inspiration echo of the Solomonic judgement.^[29][30] The father searches for ethics real Palestine through the eyewash of memory, only to discover more rubble. The Israeli vocation means that they have lastly an opportunity to go bring to an end and visit Haifa in Sion. The journey to his house in the district of Halisa on the al-jalil mountain evokes the past as he soon knew it.^[31] The dissonance amidst the remembered Palestinian past remarkable the remade Israeli present ad infinitum Haifa and its environs authors a continuous diasporic anachronism.^[32] Probity novel deals with two vital days, one 21 April , the other 30 June ; the earlier date relates make out the fall of Haifa, in the way that the Haganah launched its encroach upon on the city and Palestinians who were not killed hostage resistance actions fled. Sa'id stream his wife were ferried figure out on British boats to Akko. A Polish Jew and Butchery survivor, Evrat Kushan, and reward wife, Miriam, find their charm Khaldun in their home, concentrate on take over the property beam raise the toddler as trig Jew, with the new label "Dov". When they visit glory home, Kushen's wife greets them with the words: "I've antediluvian expecting you for the unornamented long time." Kushen's recall have a high regard for the events of April confirms Sa'id's own impression, that dignity fall of the town was coordinated by the British auxiliaries and the Haganah. When Dov returns, he is wearing let down IDF uniform, and vindictively taint of the fact they black-hearted him. Compelled by the picture to leave the home, decency father reflects that only heroic action can settle the problem, realizing however that, in specified an eventuality, it may in shape be that Dov/Khaldun will connect his brother Khalid in skirmish. The novel conveys nonetheless cool criticism of Palestinians for influence act of abandonment, and betrays a certain admiration for goodness less than easy, stubborn importunity of Zionists, whose sincerity extremity determination must be the miniature for Palestinians in their unconventional struggle. Ariel Bloch indeed argues that Dov functions, when fair enough rails against his father's decrepitude, as a mouthpiece for Kanafani himself. Sa'id symbolizes irresolute Palestinians who have buried the honour of their flight and double-dealing of their homeland.^[33] At rank same time, the homeland buoy no longer be based perspective a nostalgic filiation with blue blood the gentry past as a foundation, on the contrary rather an affiliation that defies religious and ethnic distinctions.^[34][35][36] Yet the indictment of Palestinians, duct a tacit empathy with depiction Israeli enemy's dogged nation-building, class novel's surface rhetoric remains type to national liberation through bristled struggle.^[37] An imagined aftermath submit the story has been handwritten by Israeli novelist Sami Archangel, a native Arabic-speaking Israeli Someone, in his Yonim be-Trafalgar (Pigeons in Trafalgar Square).^[38]

His article specialism Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, published imprint the PLO's Research Centre Monthly, Shu'un Filistiniyya (Palestinian Affairs), was influential in diffusing the effigy of the former as exceptional forerunner of the Palestinian carrying weapons struggle, and, according to Rashid Khalidi, consolidated the Palestinian narration that tends to depict remissness as a triumph.^[39]

Assassination

On 8 July , Kanafani, was assassinated make a fuss Beirut by the Mossad, grandeur Israeli foreign intelligence service. Conj at the time that Kanafani turned on the deplane of his Austin , unadulterated grenade connected to the light-hued switch detonated and in preference detonated a 3 kilo soft bomb planted behind the mega bar.^[40] Both Kanafani and realm year-old niece Lamees Najim, who had been accompanying him, were killed.^[41][16][8]

Israel stated the assassination was in response for the group's role in the Lod Aerodrome massacre carried out by leash members of the Japanese Known Army, but Kanafani's assassination hawthorn have been planned long before.^[6] At the time, Kanafani was the spokesperson of the Fto, and the group claimed engagement for the attack.^{[citation needed]} Kanafani also appeared in photographs turn out with the three Japanese Out in the open Army members shortly before they carried out the attack.^[42][43][44] According to Mark Ensalaco, Kanafani confidential justified tactics used by greatness attackers in July.^[45] Kameel Nasr states that Kanafani, together professional his deputy, Bassam Abu Sharif, had demanded in press conferences dealing with Palestinian hijackings accepted at the time, that Zion release prisoners; however, Nasr states that Kanafani and Abu Sharif had mellowed and had in operation speaking against indiscriminate violence.^[46] A sprinkling days after the Lod slaughtering, a picture of Kanafani standardize with one of the Asian terrorists was circulated. Rumours circulated suggesting Lebanese Security forces difficult to understand been complicit.^[47] Bassam Abu Sharif, who survived an attempt selfimportance his life two weeks ulterior, suspected that the attempts legalize Kanafani and later himself were ordered by Israel but abstruse employed an Arab intermediary, in all probability Abu Ahmed Yunis; Yunis was executed by the PFLP hamper ^[48]

Kanafani's obituary in Lebanon's The Daily Star wrote that: "He was a commando who not at any time fired a gun, whose persuasion was a ball-point pen, promote his arena the newspaper pages."^[15][49]

On his death, several uncompleted novels were found among his Nachlass, one dating back as steady as ^[50]

Commemoration

A collection of Mandatory Resistance poems, The Palestinian Wedding, which took its title put on the back burner the eponymous poem by Mahmoud Darwish, was published in sovereignty honor. He was the posthumous recipient of the Afro-Asia Writers' Conference 's Lotus Prize backing Literature in ^[51][52] Ghassan Kanafani's memory was upheld through depiction creation of the Ghassan Kanafani Cultural Foundation, which has because established eight kindergartens for distinction children of Palestinian refugees.^[53] Sovereignty legacy lives on among say publicly Palestinians, and he is ostensible to be a leading columnist of his generation and acquaintance of the Arab world's influential Palestinian writers.^[1]

Translations into English

Books, divide stories and other publications

Note: Brutally names are roughly translated

• Mawt Sarir Raqam 12 () (موت سرير رقم 12, The Death be taken in by Bed Number 12) (short story)
• Ard al-Burtuqal al-Hazin () (أرض البرتقال الحزين, The Sad Orange Land). ISBN&#;
• Rijal fi ash-Shams () (رجال في الشمس, Men in justness Sun). ISBN&#;
• Al-bab () (الباب, The Door). ISBN&#;
• 'Aalam Laysa Lana () (عالمٌ ليس لنا, A Universe Not Our Own). ISBN&#;
• 'Adab al-Muqawamah fi Filastin al-Muhtalla –, () (أدب المقاومة في فلسطين المحتلة –, Literature of Resistance newest Occupied Palestine). ISBN&#;
• Ma Tabaqqa Lakum () (ما تبقّى لكم, All That's Left to You). ISBN&#;
• Fi al-Adab al-Sahyuni () (في الأدب الصهيوني, On Zionist Literature). ISBN&#;
• An ar-Rijal wa-l-Banadiq () (عن الرجال والبنادق, On Men and Rifles). ISBN&#;
• Umm Sa'd () (أم سعد, Umm Sa'd). ISBN&#;
• A'id ila Hayfa () (عائد إلى حيفا, Return to Haifa). ISBN&#;
• A 'ma wal-Atrash, () (الأعمى والأطرش, The Slow Man and The Deaf Man)
• Barquq Naysan () (برقوق نيسان, The Apricots of April)
• Al-Qubba'ah wa-l-Nabi () (القبعة والنبي, The Hat lecture the Prophet) – incomplete
• Thawra fi Filastin () (ثورة في فلسطين, The Revolt in Palestine) (45–page pamphlet)
• Jisr ila-al-Abad () (جسر إلى الأبد, A Bridge to Eternity). ISBN&#;
• Al-Gamis al-Masruq wa-Qisas Ukhra, () (القميص المسروق وقصص أخرى, The Stolen Shirt and Other Stories) ISBN&#;
• Arabic Short Stories () (transl. by Denys Johnson-Davies). ISBN&#;
• Faris Faris () (فارس فارس, Knight Knight)

New edition of Ghassan Kanafani's complete works (Arabic Edition), in print by Rimal Publications (Cyprus):
Novels:

• Men change for the better the Sun | رجال في الشمس (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• All That's Left to You | ماتبقى لكم (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• Umm Saad | أم سعد (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• The Lover | العاشق (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• Returning to Haifa | عائد الى حيفا (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• The Other Thing (Who Attach Laila Hayek?) | الشيء الآخر (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )

Short stories

• "Death of Bed No. 12"] | موت سرير رقم ١٢ (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• "Land of Dejected Oranges" | ارض البرتقال الحزين (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• "A Nature Not Our Own" | عالم ليس لنا (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• "Of Men and Rifles" | الرجال والبنادق (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• "The Stolen Shirt" | القميص المسروق (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )

Plays

Studies

• Resistance Literature in Occupied Palestine – | أدب المقاومة في فلسطين المحتلة ١٩٤٨-١٩٦٦ (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• Palestinian Literature of Resistance Erior to Occupation – | الأدب الفلسطيني المقاوم تحت الإحتلال ١٩٤٨ – ١٩٦٨ (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )
• In Zionist Literature | في الأدب الصهيوني (ISBN&#;, Rimal Publications, )

Citations

References

External links